kurgan hypothesis debunked

(2015) confirms the migration of Yamnaya-people into western Europe, forming the Corded Ware culture. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. [173], According to Gimbutas, the Corded Ware culture was preceded by the Globular Amphora culture (34002800 BCE), which she also regarded to be an Indo-European culture. Could Roopkund B have come from an unsampled population in India descended from Greeks or a related group? In the early Middle Ages their territory was occupied by migrating Slavic people, and by east Asian steppe peoples. That is the most widely accepted explanation for the origin of this ancient tongue, termed Proto-Indo-European (PIE). [45], Anthony (2017) relates the origins of the Corded Ware to the Yamnaya migrations into Hungary. (2015) also found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware culture and Sintashta culture. [275], Indo-Europeanization was complete by the beginning of the Bronze Age. ), D.W. Anthony, Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism, The Journal of Language Relationship, vol. The Anatolian hypothesis asserts that people in Anatolia spoke Proto-Indo-European during the Neolithic era and that the language spread from there starting in 7000 BCE. The first audio recording of the Albanian language was made by Norbert Jokl on 4 April 1914 in Vienna.[288]. The spread to Cape Breton and Patagonia occurred in modern times. [1][2] Recent genetic research has increasingly contributed to understanding the kinship relations among prehistoric cultures. Nanda Devi cursed the kingdom, unleashing drought and disaster, and infesting the milk and rice with maggots. DNA this old breaks up into short strands. In: J. Garry et al. [web 1][196] BCE) probably played an essential role in the origin and spread of the Indo-European languages in Europe during the Copper and Bronze Ages. (2018): "but the latest ancient DNA results from South Asia also lend weight to a spread of Indo-European languages via the steppe belt. While there can be no direct evidence of prehistoric languages, a synthesis of linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and genetics establishes both the existence of Proto-Indo-European and the spread of its daughter dialects through migrations of large populations of its speakers, as well as the recruitment of new speakers through emulation of conquering elites. [75] Accordingly, most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo-European languages, and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo-European varieties with other Indo-European varieties. Under sterile conditions, the scientists in Hyderabad drilled into long bones and teeth, producing a powder. The Indian media company that made the film assembled a team of archeologists, anthropologists, geneticists, and technicians from research laboratories in India and the U.K. to collect and study the bones. This contrasts with the model of Indo-Aryan migration which posits that Indo-Aryan tribes migrated to India from Central Asia. The Thuggees would make off with kids, Fiedel said. The researchers would test for disease, and analyze the chemistry of the bones to determine the victims diet and where they might have grown up. Although considered by Gimbutas as an outgrowth of the steppe cultures, it is related to the development of Mesopotamia, and Anthony does not consider it to be a Proto-Indo-European culture. Kurgan hypothesis - archeos.eu The link to the Yamnaya-culture, in the contact zone of western and central Europe between Rhine and Vistula (Poland),[225] is as follows: Yamnaya culture (c.33002600 BC) Corded Ware culture (c.31002350 BCE) Bell Beaker culture (c.28001800 BC) Unetice culture (c.23001680 BCE) Tumulus culture (c.16001200 BCE) Urnfield culture (c.1300750 BCE). During the study, the Reich lab had divided up its bone-powder samples, sending one portion to the carbon-14-dating laboratory at Penn State. The Hittite empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BCE under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. It was the Roopkund B group, a mixture of men and women unrelated to one another, that confounded everyone. We are mapping genetic groups to archeological cultures, Sedig, who has a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Colorado, explained. The third view is that the ancestor of the Armenian language was already spoken in the area during the time when it was politically dominated first by the Hittites, and later by the Urartians. [203] According to Mallory, around 2400 BCE the people of the Corded Ware replaced their predecessors and expanded to Danubian and northern areas of western Germany. [319], Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements, the culture was only recently distinguished from the Andronovo culture. Some recent DNA-research has led to renewed suggestions, most notably by David Reich, of a Caucasian homeland for archaic or 'proto-proto-Indo-European', from where archaic PIE speaking people migrated into Anatolia, where the Anatolian languages developed, while at the steppes archaic PIE developed into early and late PIE. [47], David Anthony, in his "revised Steppe hypothesis",[60] conjectures that the spread of the Indo-European languages probably did not happen through "chain-type folk migrations", but by the introduction of these languages by ritual and political elites, which were emulated by large groups of people,[61][note 3] a process which he calls "elite recruitment". [vague], The Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group living in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia, who speak the Indo-European Slavic languages, and share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. Although belonging to the Bronze Age, they were the forerunners of the Iron Age, developing the manufacture of iron artifacts from as early as the 14th century BCE, when letters to foreign rulers reveal the latter's demand for iron goods. After he presented material from the book as an Op-Ed in the Times, sixty-seven anthropologists, social scientists, and others signed an open letter on BuzzFeed, titled How Not to Talk About Race and Genetics. The scholars complained that Reichs skillfulness with ancient and contemporary DNA should not be confused with a mastery of the cultural, political, and biological meanings of human groups, and that Reich critically misunderstands and misrepresents concerns regarding the use of such loaded terms as race and population., Reichs lab now has an ethics-and-outreach officer, Jakob Sedig, whose job is to work with some of the cultural groups being studied, to understand and respond to their sensitivities. The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. The domestication of the horse created a steppe bridge into India and Iran on the one side and Europe on the other side, Anthony says. Kurgan hypothesis - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Analysis of the human remains found at Roopkund, in the Himalayas, has raised baffling questions about who these people were and why they were there. In 1956 Gimbutas introduced her Kurgan hypothesis, which combined archaeological study of the distinctive Kurgan burial mounds with linguistics to unravel some problems in the study of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speaking peoples, whom she dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, to account for their origin and to trace their migrations into Europe. Harney and Reich began exploring the ancestry of the Roopkund B group, comparing the genomes with hundreds of present-day populations across Europe, Asia, and Africa. [web 17], Italic and Celtic languages are commonly grouped together on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. [27], Early migrations at ca. Among these are the names of gods (Indra, Mitra, Varuna, and Agni) and some personal names. Balto-Slavic split from Indo-Iranian around 27231790 BC, Italic-Germanic-Celtic broke up around 26551537 BC, and Indo-Iranian split up around 20441458 BC. Exhausted and feverish, Sax barely made it back to Wan with his companions, and spent ten days recovering in his guides stone hut. Under a slab of rock, the team found the remains of a woman, bent double. Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, and an immigration to the Punjab c.17001400 BCE. Indian scientists were intensely interested in the Roopkund mystery. While there, he discussed someday collaborating on a more detailed study of the Roopkund bones with the centers director, Lalji Singh, and Kumarasamy Thangaraj, a geneticist who had headed up the previous DNA analysis. Bone and tissue samples were sent to Oxford University for carbon dating. 2008. As bizarre as the result seemed, it nonetheless matched an analysis of bone collagen that the Max Planck Institute and the Harvard lab had done on the same individuals, to determine their diet. In this scenario, an enclave of migrants to India never admixed with South Asians, and retained their genetic heritage. And if they are Greek people we should get some artifacts or tools or something which we can trace back to Greece., And what of Nanda Devi? Again and again, Ive found my own biases and expectations to be wrong, he said. [342][343], The son of Nandoumi was adopted by the Xiongnu king and made leader of the Wusun. Over the years, landslides and avalanches had rolled the bodies down the steep slope into the lake and the surrounding area. I never heard a word, not a hint of a story, no folktale or anything, Sax told me. [316], The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. Sure enough, the analysis of Roopkund bone collagen revealed that, in the last ten or so years of their lives, the Roopkund A people ate a varied C3 and C4 diet, typical for much of India; Roopkund B ate a mostly C3 diet, typical of the Mediterranean. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Whether we like it or not, people are measuring average differences among groups, he said. One-third of three hundred, the lower estimate of the Roopkund dead, is a hundred people. [49] According to Gimbutas, the social structure of Old Europe "contrasted with the Indo-European Kurgans who were mobile and non-egalitarian" and who had a hierarchically organised tripartite social structure; the IE were warlike, lived in smaller villages at times, and had an ideology that centered on the virile male, reflected also in their pantheon. Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987): B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". It should make us realize that the stories we tell ourselves about our past are often very different from the reality, and we should have humility about that. When I asked him for examples, he mentioned the origin of white peoplelight-skinned people from Europe and parts of western Asia. The "Kurgan hypothesis," as this dramatic account of the spread of the Indo-European language family during the Early Bronze Age is known, was the dominant paradigm among linguists and archaeologists during much of the 20th century. In Central Asia, the Turkic languages have marginalized Iranian languages as a result of the Turkic expansion of the early centuries CE. 4000 and 3000 BCE, Neolithic populations in western Europe declined, probably due to the plague and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Reich and Harney reject Fiedels genetic interpretation. But a recent landslide had exposed a cache of fresh bones and artifacts. By the time work began, in 2015, the team, led by the Reich lab and the laboratory in Hyderabad, also included researchers at Pennsylvania State University, the Broad Institute of M.I.T. [54][55][56], It is thought that when Indo-Europeans expanded into Europe from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, they encountered existing populations that spoke dissimilar, unrelated languages. 2015:211) fits the archaeological record. They then expanded into northern South Asia, where one branch of the Yuezhi founded the Kushan Empire. This discovery indicates that there were pendulum migrations back and forth, says lead author Alexey Nikitin, a professor of archaeology and genetics at Grand Valley State University. Kurgan - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core Kurgan - Wikipedia According to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis, or renewed Steppe hypothesis, the oldest migration branch produced the Anatolian languages (Hittite language and Luwian language) which split from the earliest proto-Indo-European speech community (archaic PIE) inhabiting the Volga basin. In the case of the Illyrian elements a Romance intermediary is inevitable as long as Illyrian was probably extinct in the 2nd century A.D.". [23] The question of further Indo-Europeanization of Central and Western Europe, Central Asia and Northern India during the Bronze Age is beyond the scope of the Kurgan hypothesis, and far more uncertain than the events of the Copper Age, and subject to some controversy. (2018), aDNA studies in Anatolia "show no indication of a large-scale intrusion of a steppe population", but do "fit the recently developed consensus among linguists and historians that the speakers of the Anatolian languages established themselves in Anatolia by gradual infiltration and cultural assimilation. [note 29] Support for the Out of India theory IAT mostly exists among a subset of Indian scholars,[331][355][356][357][358] playing a significant role in Hindutva politics,[359][360][361][web 32][web 33] but has no relevance, let alone support, in mainstream scholarship. On average, a Black person in America has an ancestry that is around eighty per cent African and twenty per cent European. [30] The first IE-speakers may have reached Anatolia "by way of commercial contacts and small-scale movement during the Bronze Age. Anthony additionally suggests that the proto-Indo-European language formed mainly from a base of languages spoken by Eastern European hunter-gatherers with influences from languages of northern Caucasus hunter-gatherers, in addition to a possible later, and minor, influence from the language of the Maikop culture to the south (which is hypothesized to have belonged to the North Caucasian family) in the later Neolithic or Bronze Age involving little genetic impact. 339345, G. Leitner, Australia's Many Voices: Australian EnglishThe National Language, 2004, pg. [311] Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.[312]. also acknowledge that the latest genetic evidence supports an origin of proto-Indo-Europeans in the steppe. [248], The Balto-Slavic language group traditionally comprises the Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. Research by Haak et al. ", "[] our results level the playing field between the two leading hypotheses [the Steppe hypotheses and the Anatolian hypothesis] of Indo-European origins, as we now know that both the Early Neolithic and the Late Neolithic were associated with major migrations. Over time this area was expanded to include and a strip of land on the North European plain stretching from Flanders to the Vistula. [8][web 2][9][205] According to Haak et al. The research on the Indo-Aryan migrations began with the study of the Rig Veda in the mid-19th century by Max Muller, and gradually evolved from a theory of a large scale invasion of a racially and technologically superior people to being a slow diffusion of small numbers of nomadic people that had a disproportionate societal impact on a large urban population. Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo [3] At ca. to the 5th century A.D. is indeed a glorious period. Nanda Devi was furious at the display of earthly pleasures, and she shoved the dancing girls down into the underworld. By the late third millennium BCE, offshoots of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had reached Anatolia (Hittites), the Aegean (Mycenaean Greece), Western Europe, and southern Siberia (Afanasevo culture). It is the DNA of billions of microbes that colonized the body during the decomposition after death. He assumed (as did most scientists) that whites represented a stable lineage that had spread across western Eurasia tens of thousands of years ago and established a relatively homogeneous population. It has been the only serious alternative for the steppe-theory, but suffers from a lack of explanatory power. All the bones studied so far have been picked up haphazardly, a flawed way of sampling that often skews results. In Iberia during this time, the local type of Y chromosome was replaced by an entirely different type. When the carbon-dating results came back, there was another surprise: there appeared to have been multiple mass-death events at Roopkund. Its long been known that, from around 2500 to 2000 B.C., major new artistic and cultural styles flourished in Western and Central Europe. The Indo-Iranians interacted with the Bactria-Margiana Culture, also called "BactriaMargiana Archaeological Complex". Myth of the light pigmented "Nordic looking" Proto Indo-Europeans debunked. The scientists removed tissue samples for testing, shot video, and collected bones and artifacts. By signing up, you agree to our User Agreement and Privacy Policy & Cookie Statement. [30], According to Kroonen et al. In the east, the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang, from Khotan to Tumshuq. It is generally proposed that a proto-Dacian or proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and Indo-Europeans from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion in the Early Bronze Age (3,3003,000 BCE)[266] when the latter, around 1500 BCE, conquered the indigenous peoples. Together with the archaeological and linguistic evidence, the genetic data tipped the scales heavily in favor of the kurgan hypothesis. Her view, known as the Kurgan hypothesisnamed for the distinctive burial mounds that spread west across Europeis now the most widely accepted theory about Indo-European linguistic origins. The Roopkund B groupfrom the Mediterraneanlikely perished in a single event a thousand years later. Its main proponents are Marcel Otte, Alexander Husler, and Mario Alinei. The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered Proto-Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe, which flourished from around 1200 BCE. The Italic languages, like Celtic ones, are split into P and Q forms: P-Italic includes Oscan and Umbrian, while Latin and Faliscan are included in the Q-Italic branch.[224]. [232], Today the Romance languages, which comprise all languages that descended from Latin, are spoken by more than 800million native speakers worldwide, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and Africa. However, the appearance of the Kassites in Mesopotamia in the 18th century BCE has been connected to the contemporary Indo-European expansion into the region at the time. According to Narasimhan et al. [34][82][21][91] While the consensus is that early and late PIE languages originated on the Pontic steppes, the location of the origin of archaic PIE has become the focus of renewed attention, due to the question where the CHG-component came from, and if they were the carriers of archaic PIE. [89] Where this CHG-component came from is unknown; the mix of EHG and CHG may result from "an existing natural genetic gradient running from EHG far to the north to CHG/Iran in the south,"[90] or it may be explained as "the result of Iranian/CHG-related ancestry reaching the steppe zone independently and prior to a stream of AF [Anatolian Farmer] ancestry,"[90] reaching the steppes with people who migrated northwards into the steppes between 5,000 and 3,000 BCE. [112] According to Anthony, the first cattle herders arrived from the Danube Valley at ca. A military campaign would explain the genetic replacement. Some historians question whether the Thuggees even existed. Newer findings complicate the story, however. These people were called "Tocharian" by late 19th-century scholars who identified them with the Tkharoi described by ancient Greek sources as inhabiting Bactria. In other words, he adds, it wasn't a one-way trip.. The origin of Rus. Joining these groups was attractive for local leaders, since it strengthened their position, and gave them additional advantages. At the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC, the Yuezhi are believed to have dominated the areas north of the Qilian Mountains (including the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria), the Altai region,[161] the greater part of Mongolia, and the upper waters of the Yellow River. "[97], Damgaard et al. In 2008, David Reich, a geneticist at Harvard, made the first of many trips to the country, and visited a leading life-science research institution, the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, in Hyderabad. Elizebeth Friedman: Became the world's most famous codebreaker. [164] This means that the territory of the Yuezhi Empire roughly corresponded to that of the later First Turkic Khaganate. Driven from the Ili Valley shortly afterwards by the Wusun, the Yuezhi migrated to Sogdia and then Bactria, where they are often identified with the Tkharoi () and Asioi of Classical sources. Myth of the light pigmented "Nordic looking" Proto Indo-Europeans debunked. [127], According to Mallory, it is likely that the Anatolians reached the Near East from the north, either via the Balkans or the Caucasus in the 3rd millennium BCE. Kurgan hypothesis | Detailed Pedia They brought with them a language that is the root of many of those spoken todayincluding English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian and Persian. Then, according to the legend, she sent down a blizzard of hail and a whirlwind, which swept all the pilgrims on the Path of Death into the lake. Were not schooled in the nuances, Reich admitted to me. Researchers in New Zealand led by Dr. Quentin Atkinson of the University of Auckland have now applied research techniques used to trace virus epidemics to the study of . 2016), Caucasus and Swiss hunter-gatherer genomes, "European languages linked to migration from the east. Pit Grave culture) spread quickly across the Pontic-Caspian steppes between ca. [181] Danish archaeologist Kristian Kristiansen said he is "increasingly convinced there must have been a kind of genocide. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [10][11][1][12][13][14] The Sintashta culture grew into the Andronovo culture[10][11][1][12][13][14] (c.1900[15]800 BCE), the two first phases being the Fedorovo Andronovo culture (c.19001400 BCE)[15] and Alakul Andronovo culture (c.18001500 BCE). [330] Several Mitanni rulers, such as Shattiwaza, had names which could be interpreted as Indo-Aryan. It originated with a migration of people from the pre-Yamnaya Repin culture, at the Don river,[143] and is related to the Tocharians. (2015) envision a migration of both males and females from the Yamnaya horizon through western Ukraine and Poland into Germany. She believed that the nomads from the Caspian steppes imposed a male-dominated warrior culture of violence, sexual inequality, and social stratification, in which women were subservient to men and a small number of lite males accumulated most of the wealth and power. [note 17] According to Sjgren et al. The term is derived from kurgan (), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound. A southern move led to the Mediterranean where 'enclaves' were established in southwestern Spain and southern France around the Golfe du Lion and into the Po valley in Italy, probably via ancient western Alpine trade routes used to distribute jadeite axes. So as it turns out, prehistoric North Pontic Steppe populations buried in - Italic Roots Modern Celtic languages are mostly spoken on the northwestern edge of Europe, notably in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, and the Isle of Man, and can be found spoken on Cape Breton Island. The Sintashta culture extended the Indo-European culture zone east of the Ural mountains, giving rise to Proto-Indo-Iranian and the subsequent spread of the Indo-Iranian languages toward India and the Iranian plateau. All hypotheses assume a significant period (at least 15002000 years) between the time of the Proto-Indo-European language and the earliest attested texts, at Kltepe, c.19th century BCE. Taken together, the Kurgan hypothesis and the Old European culture theories presented a compelling story that directly went against the prevalent image of prehistoric cultures (especially cultures that existed outside of the traditional "Cradle of Civilization" in the Fertile Crescent) as "primitive", wild, half-starved savages.

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