is a price adjustment factor for industry i from currency year z to y USD. 14. These values are included in the WasteDisaggregation_Make sheet of the primary data record, in the Make table intersection rows. In contrast, in USEEIO v1.2, the comparable value added coefficients varied from ~0.51.5, because of a method to approximate 2016 value added from summary level data to pair with the 2007 Use table6 that led to a departure from this identity. An analogous series of direct impact coefficient (D matrix) comparison charts are also provided for interpretation68, but are not analyzed in depth here. Producing environmental accounts with environmentally extended To solve the first problem, BEA-NAICS correspondence for these sectors is approximated after careful inspection and comparison of their definitions in BEA and NAICS systems. The practical guidance below provides further suggestions on calculating scope 3 emissions. Model coefficient matrices can be converted to reflect different currency years. The information is tracked by how facilities manage hazardous waste as generators, transporters, or treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF). US Territories and Tribal Lands are not included. The National GHG Industry Attribution Model27 for year 2016 was used for developing the national GHG totals by industry, which is the same flow sector attribution model used for the recently published Supply Chain GHG emission factors1, but is an update from the previous GHG satellite tables included in v1 models. Supply Chain GHG Emission Factors for US Commodities and - Catalog The first ranking uses Hr calculated where y is the US production vector, yp (see Eq. Solley, W. B., Pierce, R. R. & Perlman, H. A. 13. Only two categories use a specific method (e.g., supplier-specific method, fuel-based method) in year one and seven in year five. The result is available in the National Point Source Releases to Water By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset34. direct emissions, waste generation, or resource use). Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods, referred to as Scope 3 emissions in the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 3 Accounting and Reporting Standard, represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. To fully meet GHG Protocol standards, an organization must report emissions from all relevant scope 3 categories. In the case of the new waste commodity and industry totals, they summed to within 1% of the Waste and Remediation commodity and industry totals in the 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use tables. For SMOG, decreases are also apparent in agricultural sectors and many manufacturing sectors where decreases in impact intensity for Wood pulp, Paints and Cement stand out. More organizations are reaching into their value chains to understand the full GHG impact of their operations. (Cambridge University Press, 2009). Salesforce Help | Article Figure 1. Using BLS QCEW for the employment model allows for a consistent data source for all employment data used throughout model construction. The 2016 values are applied across all years and will be updated in more recent years as new data sets are . You can choose whether functional and advertising cookies apply. The Economic Census data provides monetary receipt values by detailed NAICS codes and customer class. Econ. s is the product of L and the given final demand vector, y, as shown in Eq. The 5-digit NAICS in the RCRAInfo codes do not count flows present in the 6-digit codes. Blackhurst, M., Hendrickson, C. & Vidal, J. S. I. Other agricultural commodities show the inverse change in v2.0, where the agricultural output in v2.0 is higher and thus the pesticide release and related impact intensities are lower. The direct impacts of a sector in a given indicator unit per model dollar year, can be calculated with Eq. EPA Report: Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities Many organizations quantify greenhouse emissions in their value chain. Significant decreases in HRSP are visible in agricultural sectors except in Cattle. and JavaScript. Understanding the consumption-based accounting (CBA), production-based accounting (PBA), and emissions embodied in trade is an important prerequisite for designing climate mitigation policies. Emissions are assigned to industries based on the NAICS reported by each facility. The IO transactions for the Use table intersection are assigned based on material flows between the disaggregated sectors, using RCRAInfo data as the main data source. Environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) models have been developed to evaluate the linkages between economic activities and environmental impacts as well as the embodied emissions in goods and . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis https://www.bea.gov/industry/input-output-accounts-data (2019). In v1.2, withdrawals were calculated for 37 crops published in the 2008 USDA Irrigation and Water Management Survey (IWMS). Also, change in inventories, y, is positive for commodities produced but not sold, and negative for commodities consumed from a previous years production. UM Scope 3 Purchased Goods & Services Emissions Footprinting This significant decreases in agricultural sectors is carried over into the food and fiber sector products, where for instance 90% of the contribution to HRSP for Flours and Malts is from Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains. Matrix algebra is used to represent the steps of creating the USEEIO model, using conventions for variable names commonly used in a mix of standard references for IO analysis16 and LCA17, and the existing USEEIO model documentation. These factors were prepared using USEEIO models, which are a life cycle models of goods and services in the US economy. An official website of the United States government. The three zeroes at the end of the BEA code for Waste management and remediation services indicate that it is at the 3-digit NAICS level. The additional data records are national flow totals by sectors that serve as data inputs in model building. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. AC-17-A-51 https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2017). The water withdrawal sector attribution model result is published as the National Water Withdrawal Totals By Industry 2015 v1.1 dataset51. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_FGW_mmcf_m.htm (2021). Article This suggests that trade flows between the disaggregated sectors is an important component of the aggregate sectors input, and its disaggregation was previously discussed. Ingwersen, W. & Yang, Y. USEEIO v1.1 - Matrices. To assist in quantifying these emissions, we have developed a comprehensive set of supply chain emission factors covering all categories of goods and services in the US economy. BLM/OC/ST-08/001+1165 https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls07.pdf (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2008). Home | Emissionfactors 158, 308318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.150 (2017). In flowsa, source classification codes are used to allocation emissions to one or more NAICS through activity-to-sector mapping files. )2, therefore all environmental data was adjusted to be in 2013 US Dollars (USD). These include all the types of resource use and environmental releases/losses from v1.15 plus the three additional waste generation datasets created for v1.27,8. In v1.1, releases from the DMR were limited to nutrient release of nitrogen and phosphorous. Capital letters indicate matrices and lower case letters indicate vectors. Coverage of these data used in v2.0 is equivalent to that from v1.2 as seen in Table2. 8. . 1a, Electricity followed by Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains remain in the top two places, but Cattle ranches and feedlots has moved into the third place. Facts and figures. Timmer, M. P., Erumban, A. Miller, R. & Blair, P. Input-output analysis: Foundations and extensions. Report out, Q&A and closing. 21. where lc is the column representing the commodity of interest from the L matrix, and dn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the D matrix. The results of those normalizations are multiplied with an orientation to create a commodity x commodity direct requirements matrix, or A, using Eq. W.I. National Biennial Hazardous Waste Report 2011. https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/biennial-hazardous-waste-report (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Truck transportation (484000): the entirety of the 562000 commodity produced by this sector is assigned to the Solid waste collection (562111) column, as it is assumed that the truck transportation service is used in waste collection. This general decrease in v2.0 factors reflects the steady national decrease in SO2 emissions from 2011 to 201769. For states that do not distinguish between irrigation used for crops and golf courses, all irrigation water is attributed to crops. Sci Data 9, 194 (2022). https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC# (2021). A rough estimate will suffice, but if that is not possible, then proceed to step 2 to estimate emissions. Model validation and output writing are also performed in simple statements. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Edelen, A., Hottle, T., Cashman, S. & Ingwersen, W. The federal LCA commons elementary flow list: Background, approach, description and recommendations for use. Collectively there are small decreases in ACID in most sectors. Water withdrawal by industry was allocated to NAICS using BLS QCEW employment data. We define consumption as final use within the US of all goods and services that are both produced and sold within the US or imported. Report No. The report notes: This deeper analysis uses details contained within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys United States Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model to highlight specific activities that occur within the supply chain of the goods and services procured by the County that drive the bulk of the impacts and to identify those impacts that are generated locally (e.g., particulate matter emissions from local vendor fleet operations). Then calculate electricity emissions using emission factors in the EF Hub. The final demand vectors represent purchases of goods and services by final consumers, including by households, investors and governments. Primary data must often be collected directly from suppliers through a questionnaire or similar format. Ingwersen, W., Garvey, T. & Bergmann, M. USEEIOv1.1 - Elementary Flows and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Characterization Factors. The value added sectors are the wages, taxes, and gross operating surplus for the industries present in the USEEIO model. The values for the disaggregated waste commodities are allocated based on allocation factors derived from the Economic Census customer classes, as described below. In Fig. & Balassiano, K. EPA Data Commons v0.1. Since SIMAP does not have an emissions category for other GHG, these emissions were added to the CO2 emissions factors as CO2-equivalents. For v2.0, the Sector Crosswalk is built based on 2012 BEA and NAICS codes and includes 2007 NAICS codes according to the 2012 NAICS to 2007 NAICS concordance by Census Bureau23. Carbon intensity of electricity production (CO2 or CO2e per unit electricity). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Summary text. The margins present for Waste and Remediation were allocated using the total Use table commodity output. This method for creating the A matrix is based on the industry- technology assumption, wherein the manufacture of the primary and any secondary commodities by an industry uses the same production requirements, and the commodity requirements are based therefore on the mix of industries that produce that commodity, weighted by their relative share of total commodity output16. 17. US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) is a family of models designed to bridge the gap between traditional economic calculations, sustainability, and environmental decision-making. v2.0 is a single region model with the 50 states of the United States modeled as a single region. State level USDA CoA data are used to calculate fractions of land use by animal type, which are multiplied by state level MLU pasture and grazed land. 11:25-11:30. The B or D matrices may be used for similar purposes but only include the direct impact or flow per USD. Environmental flows are transformed from source data schema, typically NAICS 2012 codes, to USEEIO schema (e.g. The Use table columns represent the inputs that the IO industries need to produce their output. Why Scope 3 Accounting is Broken in Fashion Industry - LinkedIn Young, B., Birney, C. & Ingwersen, W. National commercial hazardous waste totals by industry 2017 v1.1. Multiplying emissions of a given GHG by its GWP gives us the CO 2 equivalent emissions. The result is available in the National Point Source Releases to Ground By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset35. This can be represented in unit form in Eq. Life Cycle Databases | GHG Protocol The final model is provided in the National Land Occupation Totals By Industry 2012 v1.1 dataset44. The equivalent value is 1.44E-5in v1.2 (sheet B, cell D681 of)71. Note:Emission factors are per unit of heat content using higher heating values (HHV). We define production as final use, either within the US or abroad, of all goods and services that are produced in the US. Note that normalized Make table transactions are unchanged. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The GHG Protocol provides two resources to help organizations estimate scope 3 emissions: For financial institutions, The Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry, published by the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials, offers specific guidance on calculating scope 3, category 15 (investments) emissions. EPA's GHG Emission Factors Hub provides factors for most scope 3 categories. The columns of the A or L matrices show the pure economic direct or total requirements for a commodity, which may be used for supply chain mapping or for economic impact analysis. Chinese environmentally extended input-output database for 2017 and 2018, Implementing the material footprint to measure progress towards Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 12, Contributions of sociometabolic research to sustainability science, CO2 emission accounts of Russias constituent entities 20052019, A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies, Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, Variation in trends of consumption based carbon accounts, An emissions-socioeconomic inventory of Chinese cities, US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model, Sustainable Materials Management Prioritization Tools, models are listed on the model technical content webpage, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=CESER&dirEntryId=349324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.150, https://pasteur.epa.gov/uploads/10.23719/1365565/documents/USEEIOv1.1-DescriptionofSatelliteTableUpdates.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104795, https://www.bea.gov/industry/input-output-accounts-data, https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/concepts-methods-io-accounts, https://doi.org/10.1080/0953531042000219286, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347251, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2012/econ/census/aswmrs-services.html, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2015/econ/services/sas-naics.html, https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/biennial-hazardous-waste-report, https://www.census.gov/naics/concordances/2012_to_2007_NAICS.xls, https://www.census.gov/naics/2012NAICS/2-digit_2012_Codes.xls, https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/national-emissions-inventory-nei, http://www2.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-data-and-tools, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-07/documents/nei2014v2_tsd_05jul2018.pdf, https://echo.epa.gov/trends/loading-tool/water-pollution-search, https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/84880/eib-178.pdf?v=6791.3, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/, https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls07.pdf, https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=44630, https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm, https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=101624, https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf, https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/Farm_and_Ranch_Irrigation_Survey/fris.pdf, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_FGW_mmcf_m.htm, https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects, http://edap-data-commons.s3.amazonaws.com/data_commons_search.html, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17145878.v1, https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC#, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17269211, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17377805, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2016, https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/international-actions-montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19100375.v1, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/, https://www.bea.gov/products/industry-economic-accounts/underlying-estimates, https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls2012-web.pdf, https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prd-wret/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/mcs/mcs2014.pdf, https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/archive/xls/f923_2014.zip, http://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/, https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/PubExtracts/2014/GenSummary.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, At the intersection of life cycle assessment and indirect greenhouse gas emissions accounting. General Motors Carbon Disclosure Hospitals and Limited Service Restaurants have moved up in the rankings. Federal government (defense) climbed from 17th to 7th due to an increased relative amount of HTOX. C.B. 2016 emissions factors, which is the most recent data set available from the EPA EEIO database. The Scope 3 Standard presents details on all scope 3 categories and requirements and guidance on reporting scope 3 emissions. For example, if an organization produces electronic equipment, Category 11 (use of sold products) may likely be a large source of emissions. The validation results show that the model passes the check shown in Eq. In addition, because scope 3 sources may represent most of an organizations GHG emissions, they often offer emissions reduction opportunities. The environmental data inputs for an EEIO model are national totals of flows (physical movements of specific resources, emissions or employment) by industries. Thus whatever is not explicitly allocated to 562211, Hazardous waste disposal, is assumed to go to Solid waste landfilling, 562112. http://edap-data-commons.s3.amazonaws.com/data_commons_search.html (2021). The economic outputs also checks for both models, except for the commodities Used and secondhand goods and Noncomparable imports, which have negative uses for balancing purposes in the Use table and therefore failures were expected. These data are difficult to obtain given the scarcity in publicly available waste management pricing data, the level of aggregation of the waste management sectors, and the differences in prices and materials used by each waste management activity. Estimated use of water in the United States in 1995. Waste commodity consumption is concentrated within a few sectors, with 55% of the commodity consumed by the top five sectors. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557895 (2021). The first step is a relevance assessment to determine which of the 15 categories are relevant to the reporting organization. The Make table is an industry x commodity matrix with USD annual output of commodity i produced per industry j in USD; the Use table is commodity x industry matrix with amount of commodity i, in USD, used to by industry j to provide a good or service. Emission factors should at a minimum include emissions from fuel combustion, and should, where possible, include cradle-to-gate emissions of the fuel (i.e., from extraction, processing, and transportation to the point of use). The GHG Protocol defines 15 categories of scope 3 emissions, though not every category will be relevant to all organizations (see Figure 1). Once all the requirements are installed, the generation of v2.0 takes place in a single buildModel function to load the various data components and build the model. These tables are typically released 5 or more years after the Census is performed. The relative contribution, rc of a commodity, c, to an impact intensity coefficient from N for a given indicator, n, can be calculated using Eq. Additionally, flow amounts for each flow within a satellite table must not change more than 0.05%. D is an indicator x sector matrix and contains in each column i the direct impact result per 1 USD output of sector j. Official websites use .gov USEEIO. conceptualized USEEIO v2.0, led the methodological development for model building and validation, contributed to useeior and flowsa software, supervised the team, administered the project, and led writing the manuscript. The approach used to disaggregate this sector provides 6-digit NAICS granularity, which is the most detailed NAICS designation given in the official classification. Chemical releases to air are sourced from 2017 reported emissions data from the National Emissions Inventory (NEI)28 and Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)29. Value added is a collection of the monetary benefits industries provide to government (as taxes), employees (as wages), and to their shareholders (as profits). Young, B., Birney, C., Chiquelin, C. & Ingwersen, W. National criteria and hazardous air pollutant totals by industry 2017 v1.1. Changes in GHG intensity were less than 0.5kg CO2e/$ for >95% of sectors. The emission factor rating takes into account the test rating, the number of sources tested, and whether the sources are selected at random, represent the industry population, and are sufficiently specific (e.g., to fuel type, design, etc.) This is a necessary first order approximation since we found no publicly available data to confirm this for the disaggregated waste sectors. In a default allocation, all columns are disaggregated according to the default percentage values for each of the disaggregated sectors. & Birney, C. useeior. ipcc-efdb@iges.or.jp. These variances are due to methodology changes when allocating land use to 6-digit NAICS. Three standard national level demand vectors were created for use with the model to calculate potential impacts of US consumption, production and consumption from households. Ingwersen, W., Li, M., Young, B., Vendries, J. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 2021 edition of the Emission factors data package. 20. where mf is the column representing the flow of interest from the M matrix, and cn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the C matrix. New procedures for preparing and integrating these datasets into the model are described in the Procedure for Model Building section. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013). Environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA) is used in environmental accounting as a tool which reflects production and consumption structures within one or several economies. Improvements in modeling national totals of industry and environmental flows are described. The allocation methodology for industrial water withdrawal was modified for v2.0. Services to buildings and dwellings (561700): the entirety of the 562000 commodity produced by this sector is assigned to the Remediation services sector (562910), as it is assumed that the services provided by this sector deal with site-specific remediation. It is worth noting that the Imports and Exports IO sectors (F00500 and F00400) are not classified as any customer class in the Economic Census, but are allocated as Business firms and farms for disaggregation purposes. Purchaser price reflects the producers price plus sale and transportation margins11. 2007 Census of Agriculture. Land use now differentiates urban and rural residential housing land by incorporating values from the Major Uses of Land report36. Water use for crops originally used acreage data for 37 crops accessed through the USDA Irrigation and Water Management Survey (IWMS)49. Results for these commodities should not be used for analytical purposes. B.Y. In other words, the monetary and physical flows occur in the same direction: makers of the waste treatment commodity receive both the physical waste to be disposed and the money for the disposal service.
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